Prehistoric Plaque Reveals What Early Humans Ate

When looking for a meal, prehistoric people in Africa munched on the tuberous roots of weeds such as the purple nutsedge, according to a new study of hardened plaque on samples of ancient teeth.

Researchers examined the dental buildup of 14 people buried at Al Khiday, an archeological site near the Nile River in central Sudan. The skeletons date back to between about 6,700 B.C., when prehistoric people relied on hunting and gathering, to agricultural times, at about the beginning of the first millennium B.C.

The researchers collected samples of the individuals’ dental calculus, the hardened grime that forms when plaque accumulates and mineralizes on teeth. Such buildup is fairly common in prehistoric skeletons, the researchers said. [The 7 Most Mysterious Archaeological Finds on Earth]

“The oral hygiene activities were not as good as they are today,” lead researcher Karen Hardy, a professor of prehistoric archeology at the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain, told Live Science.

An analysis of the chemical compounds and microfossils in the dental calculus point to the purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), Hardy said. In the teeth of each of the skeletons, Harder and her colleagues found starch granules that share a chemical composition with nutsedge. A close look at the granules also revealed how these people likely prepared their food: Those from the earlier time period likely ate the plant raw or lightly heated, which would have helped make the roots easier to peel.

In contrast, granules from the Neolithic period, beginning in about 4,500 B.C. in central Sudan, are cracked and enlarged, suggesting that people may have ground or roasted these granules over a fire.

early humans plaqueThe hardened dental calculus on prehistoric teeth suggests that people ate purple nutsedge, a weedy plant rich in carbohydrates.

It’s difficult, however, to determine how prehistoric people prepared their meals based on the present appearance of starch granules, said John Dudgeon, an associate professor of anthropology at Idaho State University in Pocatello, who was not involved in the study. Further research may help scientists determine whether the food was roasted or boiled, or if it simply degraded on its own.

“Starches are particularly sensitive,” Dudgeonsaid. They fall apart as soon a person begins chewing on them. “The fact that they even survive in the dental calculus in the teeth is amazing.”

However, he commended the researchers for their detailed work in matching the chemical analysis of the purple nutsedge to the fragments found in the dental calculus. “It provides a novel way to look at the micro-residues on the skeleton,” Dudgeon said. “This a pretty good way to fingerprint what that material is that is coming out of the calculus.”

It’s unclear why prehistoric people chewed on the tubers, but other ancient societies have benefited from the plant’s many uses. Hunter-gatherer societies, such as the Aboriginals in central Australia, relied on these tubers for carbohydrates, and studies show that the plant contains lysine, an essential amino acid that the human body cannot produce on its own.

The ancient Egyptians and Greeks used purple nutsedge for water purification, perfume and medical purposes, records suggest. What’s more, the plant has antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant and anti-diabetic compounds, studies have found.

In high concentrations, purple nutsedge also inhibits atype of bacteria that leads to tooth decay.This may explain why researchers have found fewer cavities in the Al Khiday individuals at the turn of the first millennium B.C., compared to their counterparts at Gabati, an archeological site to the north, Hardy said. Still, more research is needed to examine indicators of dental hygiene in these areas.

Though purple nutsedge and its related sedge species are rich in carbohydrates, modern-day farmers consider these plants a nuisance. The slender-stemmed, flowering nutsedge has deep, tuberous roots that are hard to pull out of soil.

“It’s a veggie, weedy thing,” Hardy says. “It’s very prolific. That’s why it’s such a problem for farmers today.”

Purple nutsedge typically grows in tropical areas. In the 1980s, researchers found that the plant’s tubers taste bitter when grown in wet areas, but reported that the taste improved when the weed was planted in drier places. Though the plant is no longer a common carbohydrate snack, people still use it today for herbal medicine in the Middle East, Far East and India, Hardy said.

The results were published today (July 16) in the journal PLOS ONE.

Follow Laura Geggel on Twitter @LauraGeggel and Google+. Follow Live Science @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Copyright 2014 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

The Nature of Work

For most of us, work is a necessity. We need to earn money to provide shelter and sustenance (and allow our next HBO box set of course). Money makes the world go ’round, and without it we are stymied. No money means no choice. No choice means no fun. And no fun means a very dull life indeed.

The work “trap” isn’t only about money. Our ambitions, our goals, our own sense of identity are also shackled by the chains of work.

On average, we only have 27,350 days on this planet. And 10,575 of those are working days. If those days are spent doing something you don’t love with people you don’t like and/or in an environment that depresses you, it’s a terrible waste of life and how can you become the hero of your own life when you’re renting yourself out for at least 10 hours a day?

Work is like a drug to us. It feeds us little hits of success, friendship, growth, power, recognition — all of which feel amazing. Before we know it we want a bit more. We might all be different in our susceptibility to work’s seductions, but none of us is immune.

It’s not all bad news, though. Work is also good for us. It satisfies many of our basic needs by giving us meaning and purpose. It helps us to live the lives that we choose. It helps us grow and connect with others. However, as with a drug addiction, our consumption of work can easily turn to addiction.

The Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index shows that Americans feel worse about their jobs and their work environment today than ever before. They estimate that the cost of America’s “disengagement crisis” at $300 billion a year: 71 percent of Americans work during vacation. Only 38 percent take their holiday allowance while 30 percent don’t even take a lunch break and 48 percent believe that their lives have become more stressful over the last five years. I’d expect to find a similar pattern in most developed nations.

Work is becoming less fun and more painful than it should be and I believe that something is out of balance. If we’re not careful, work can take away our “shine,” resulting in us living a little less brightly every day.

But we can’t blame our problems with work on work itself because “work” as an entity doesn’t exist. It has no consciousness. Work is what we do and it is so much a part of what we are.

We have to look at ourselves. We need to change our relationship with work so that we can feel fulfilled, engaged and downright magnificent. With the summer holiday happening, I would urge you to take time when you’re relaxing to consider the relationship you have with your work and come back with the intention of making some changes. That’s what being free is all about.

Free! Love Your Work, Love Your Life by Chris Baréz-Brown is available now on Amazon and in other high street book shops.

Fired Campus Officer Rats Out Colleagues For Their 'Bowl Of D–ks' List (NSFW)

This guy just got added to the list.

A former University of Oregon public safety officer, James Cleavenger, has tattled on his old colleagues in a lawsuit that alleges he was fired in 2012 for complaining to supervisors about mistreatment and misconduct.

KVAL reports that during pre-shift briefings, Lt. Brandon Lebrecht and other officers on the graveyard shift would take some time out of the day to add to a growing “Bowl of Dicks” list.

And, as Gawker points out, it’s exactly what you think it is: a list of people (mainly celebrities) that the graveyard shift workers complained about and wanted them to eat said bowl of phalluses.

Cleavenger doesn’t find it funny.

“I’m disappointed no one would listen to me,” he told KVAL. “I was forced into filing this lawsuit.”

Things and people that should presumably eat a bowl of dicks include Osama bin Laden (which seems fair), Comcast, people who can’t merge, Sarah Palin, and magnum condoms, because why not?

It’s unclear how many dicks constitute a bowl.

Check out the full list of 225 items here, and let us know what you think in our Bowl of Dicks poll!

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Punch Drunk… Boozy Fun in a Bowl

I’ve always thought of boozy punch as a hangover in a bowl–a sugary spiked concoction that you’ll regret in the morning. But these days, in our current handcrafted cocktail crazed age, punches are actually tasty libations that pack a wallop.

Fun fact: Punch actually predates the cocktail. And according to cocktail historian David Wondrich, who penned Punch: The Delights (and Dangers) of the Flowing Bowl, punch came into vogue sometime in the 16th or 17th century as naval officers made their way to various Indian subcontinents. Punch started as a sailors’ drink and was communal as officers and seamen would often imbibe together. There’s even tale of people way back when using Blackbeard’s skull as a punch bowl.

Rumor has it the word punch derives from the Indian word “ponch,” which means “five” because punch back in the day was a simple drink made out of five ingredients: spirit, citrus, sugar, spice and water. This rule still applies today. The base spirit can be whatever you want: gin, rum, scotch, cognac, mezcal, you name it. Lemon and orange are ideal for citrus, sugar helps to balance the acidity, and spice opens the flavor.

These days, bars and clubs are easing up on the term “bottle service” (a practice where ‘game less’ gents have to buy a table, which usually comes with a bottle or two of booze to attract thirsty females) and instead overcharge on a bowl of punch. This practice didn’t help win me over to the world of punch.

Likewise, when my friend Mark professed his love for his college dorm creation The Flaming Rodent, made with Woodchuck Cider and Fire Water Cinnamon Schnapps served in red solo cups of course, that didn’t do much to persuade me that punch isn’t always followed by a nasty hangover.

But since summertime seems to be the perfect occasion for punch (see recipes below), especially with backyard barbeques being the rage, I decided to dive headfirst into the punch bowl. An aspect I immediately loved about drinking out of a bowl is the communal aspect. There’s no waiting; it’s immediate gratification. All you have to say is, “Gimmie some of that!”

Head over to the new Pasadena punch bar aptly named Punch and you’ll enter into a whole new world where the drinks are more than just a pirate’s beverage of choice. Founded by Corazon y Miel bartenders Robin Chopra and Darwin Manahan, these guys love their punch, from its rich history to all the complexities that come with making handcrafted punch cocktails.

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Spend just a few minutes at Punch and you’ll notice the constant pounding of bartenders breaking ice. Who knew punch was so labor intensive?

“We have to do everything in bulk and by hand,” Manahan explains. “I like to give that job to the angriest person or someone working through issues.”

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While Darwin is a definite Wondrich devotee, the punches at Punch tend to be slightly stiffer than the cocktail historian prefers (Wondrich believes punch should be wine strength and not cocktail strength).

“To each their own palette,” Manahan says. “Let’s do whatever and have fun with it, otherwise it just sets restrictions. Punch is cocktails at its simplest form. People get really drunk on punch. They never see it coming.”

Another fan of potent punch is Sonny’s Hideaway bar manager John Kelly O’Hare who stocks overproof booze and whose punch is so strong he can’t serve it in a bowl–it’s ordered and poured by the glass. If you’re making a night of it at this Highland Park bar, a designated driver or Uber or Lyft is the way to go.

At Sonny’s Hideaway, the punch sits for at least 24 hours before it can be served in a glass. And Kelly is definitively taking a new turn with his punches by using mangoes and plums, as well as bitters and even absinthe to counter balance sugary or creamy taste, boasting it almost “creates a new taste.”

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“My punches derive from the idea of a creating a cocktail originally,” Kelly says, “then I start thinking how it would change. I like to keep pushing the envelope–keep adding to the story, whether it’s punch or cocktails.”

Looking for high octane punches in the San Fernando Valley? Then new (secret) hotspot Tunnel Bar just off Ventura Boulevard in Sherman Oaks is your go-to place where Beverage director Adam Weisblatt serves stiff, classic punches at this hidden gem.

“We’re doing traditional punches, which are very strong,” Weisblatt points out. “We wanted things steeped in tradition; Americana; and taste delicious.

The high octane punches at Tunnel Bar cannot be served to less than a group of four. A favorite is the historic Fish House Punch, first served in Philadelphia in 1732. President Washington was a fan of this rum-based drink, which consists of cognac, rum, more rum, peach liqueur, lemon, seltzer, and served on a huge rock.

If you’ve ever been intimidated by playing at-home mixologist, making punch is a lot less stressful. Keep in mind if you’re making a homemade brew, chances are you’ll make the first bowlful before guests arrive so you can play around with things before you have an audience watching your every move.

“There’s less technique involved in making punch,” explains Weisblatt, “there’s no stirring; no shaking. It’s less intensive because of the volume.”

Another tasty punch at Tunnel Bar is the Red Lemon Branch, made with Bulleit Bourbon, Campari, lemon, grapefruit, and champagne. And if you want to make this one as a cocktail, simply scale down the ingredients to 1 oz bourbon, ½ oz Campari and 2 ½ oz of champagne.

With punch, it’s really about the sharing/communal experience.

“It’s not a ‘How’s your drink?’ experience,” says Weisblatt. “It’s family style and gives people time to talk. The short drink was developed out of punch. Punch goes back to the days of Captain Hook.”

If you’re in the Fairfax District close to Midtown Los Angeles, Tart on Fairfax Avenue is your punch headquarters. There, General Manager and Sommelier Mary Thompson serves primetime punches to the masses. A whole sized bowl, which includes an entire bottle of booze, costs only $40 and a half bowl is $25. It’s the best boozy deal in town. A weekend favorite is the Whole Family, which includes a whole bottle of vodka, which Thompson describes as “a mimosa gone wild.”

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Personally, I’m a fan of the Blackballing Punch, which consists of homemade blackberry vodka, orange and cranberry with blueberries thrown into the punch for good measure. Speaking of favorites, the new and unnamed Tequila Punch, a refreshing mix of tequila, lavender syrup, sprite and lime, is one of the best drinks I’ve had all summer–it’s ideal for day drinking.

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“It’s meant to be social,” Thompson says of the punch experience. “You really are part of a group breaking bread. It’s a cool way to do that. ‘Pour me some. Give me more ice.'”

When asked what makes a good punch, Thompson is quick to answer.

“It’s all about the quality of the ingredients. If you have good ingredients, then you don’t have the hangover waiting to happen. Everything we do here is ingredient centric. It’s just who we are.”

Because brilliant minds think alike, Nancy Kwon, Beverage Director and Head Bartender at Copper Still Bar concurs about quality ingredients being paramount.

“I would say the most important thing to remember when putting a punch or any mixed drink together is to always use the best quality ingredients. This seems like an obvious point but actually, many people think that it is alright to use inferior ingredients when cooking or making punch because the inherent flaws can seemingly be covered up. However, these flaws will definitely always be there in the end product, no matter how much you try to mask them. Also, make sure you are always using a natural, less processed type of sweetener for the sugar base in your punches and make sure it is not from a bunch of high fructose corn syrup.”

Now that I’m a punch convert and can’t get enough of Tart’s new tequila punch, I’m open to most spirits thrown into the bowl. So imagine my surprise when Greg Cohen, Corporate Communications Director for Patron Spirits Company, suggested using Patron, a pretty high end tequila, as a mixing spirit.

“High end tequila like Patron is so versatile,” Cohen says. “We hear Patron is too precious for a margarita, but better spirits make better drinks. Patron Silver for a punch might be best with fruit juices and lemons and limes, almost like sangria. People think of tequila as something you have to shoot or mask with lime, but over the past few years, people have come to appreciate it as a sophisticated spirit. It’s very exciting to see. Tequila has a natural flavor, which enhances so many cocktails. It’s very versatile. Tequila can be spicy, salty or sweet.”

Respected barman Marcos Tello, a renowned L.A. cocktail consultant with Tello-Demarest Liquid Assets, and The Hospitality Collective, is more of a purist when it comes to cocktail punches. He too adheres to the five-ingredient recipe: sweet (sugar), sour (citrus), strong (spirit), weak (ice or water), and spice (bitters).

“Punch in essence needs to be wine strength so it should never be a big, huge cocktail. It should always have some sort of lengthier like a carbonated lengthier or water or tea to lengthen it and it should never be cocktail strength; almost aperitif strength. Ratio is very, very important. If you just try to bomb people with punch, it almost defeats the purpose. It should be served almost like an appetizer. You don’t serve people an 8oz filet mignon as an appetizer. If you’re putting in a liter of vodka and you’re making punch for 40 people, then fine. Punches are more based on ratios than by bottle.”

If you’re making your own punches, it’s best to plan ahead and pre-batch. Copper Still Bar’s Nancy Kwon offers the following advice.

“You want to make sure your punch has time to marry the flavors within. Punches are one of the few mixed drinks that actually get better with a little time to rest. Keep it refrigerated and as cold as possible all the way up through serving time. And do not over dilute! This is definitely the biggest and most common problem I see with punches. Make sure you use good ice, whether you choose to use a big block floated in the punch bowl or have it available on the side to be added in to the individual serving glass, you want to make sure it is dry and dense so that it won’t immediately melt as soon as it hits the punch.

“If you decide to serve the ice in the punch bowl, make sure to separate and set aside a good portion of the undiluted punch beforehand (preferably in the refrigerator) so that it can be added in as needed as the party goes on,” Kwon continues. “That way you won’t have just one big bowl of watered down punch halfway through the party.”

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Below, Kwon offers a couple of punch recipes that are total knockouts.

Dr. Salmon’s Punch
3 pints good quality brandy
12 oz. Key lime juice (freshly-pressed)
3/4 lb. superfine sugar
1.5 – 2 quarts water
1 whole nutmeg

Mix together the water, lime juice, and sugar until dissolved. Add in the brandy and stir well together. Grate in 1/2 the nutmeg. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Just before serving, pour in a punch bowl over a large block of ice or serve large cold ice cubes on the side to be added in to the individual serving cups, and grate the rest of the nutmeg over the bowl.

Planter’s Punch
3 cups Wray & Nephew White Overproof Rum
24 dashes Angostura aromatic bitters
12 oz. Key lime juice (freshly-pressed)
1 cup superfine sugar
12-18 oz. water
Citrus wheels and/or seasonal berries

Mix together the water, lime juice, and sugar until dissolved. Add in the rum and bitters, and stir well together. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Just before serving, pour in a punch bowl over a large block of ice or serve large cold ice cubes on the side to be added in to the individual serving cups, and add in the citrus wheels and/or berries.

Punch…it’s not just for kiddy parties anymore. I think our pirate friends were onto something–boozy communal goodness for all!

Pictured above: Darwin Manahan prepping punch at Punch, and John Kelly O’Hare pouring punch in a glass at Sonny’s Hideaway.

Doctor Who Dalek Nail Art: Davros Nailed It

This 3D Doctor Who nail art is probably how a human/Dalek hybrid would give itself away to the Doctor, as it’s Dalek half began to take over. That would be a cool episode. Also, if we ever get a female Doctor, this might be her manicure of choice.

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They look especially menacing on those plastic finger display models. It’s as if the Autons and Daleks have teamed up. Etsy seller GingerdeadHouse sells these Dalek digit designs for $20(USD) for a full set. They are for the discriminating female Whovian who wants very badly to be a Dalek.

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As if women’s nails weren’t dangerous enough. Now they can slash and exterminate.

Sad-Sung

sadsung1 When we last left Samsung, the company saw sales falling 9 percent and revenue falling by 24 percent. Now a survey by Counterpoint shows that consumers are more interested in picking up last season’s iPhone 5s than the new S5. Read More

The GoTenna Will Let You Communicate Without Any Connectivity

Screenshot 2014-07-17 11.16.35 By this point, most of us are fully addicted to our smartphones. And when we find ourselves without Wifi or data service, our most direct connection to everything becomes almost useless. That’s where GoTenna comes in.
The device is launching into pre-order today, and lets users create their own closed network on which they can communicate. Read More

Programmable Tattoos Combine Tech And Ink: moodINQ Should Be Real

Tattoos are awesome, but they require committment… a life time of commitment. Whatever you get, you’re stuck with, which means that dolphin you thought was a good idea at eighteen will be there when you’re eighty. An April Fools joke from Think Geek challenged that. By combining programmable technology and tattoos, moodINQ lets you switch up your design. Get that ink without commiting your life to it. This needs to be a real product!

B-2 Spirit: America's Best Airplane Since the SR-71

B-2 Spirit: America's Best Airplane Since the SR-71

Today marks the 25th anniversary of the B-2 Spirit’s inaugural flight. Through its quarter-century of service, the original Stealth Bomber has earned its place among the most elite warbirds in the USAF fleet and remains a vital weapon of the US arsenal to this day. It’s a plane that could start—or stop—WWIII single-handedly.

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Report: Malaysia Airlines Passenger Jet Shot Down Over Ukraine, 295 Dead

Report: Malaysia Airlines Passenger Jet Shot Down Over Ukraine, 295 Dead

According to the Russian news agency Interfax, a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet carrying 295 passengers and crew was shot down today along the border between Ukraine and Russia. Interfax also cites Ukraine’s Interior Ministry advisor as saying all aboard the plane have died.

Read more…