This Chart Shows The Sleeping Patterns Of The World's Most Successful People Compared With Normal Working Adults

Sleep is a subject of perpetual fascination. Especially when it comes to the sleeping habits of highly successful people.

Madetomeasureblinds-uk.com, a company that sells blinds, used YouGov research to map the sleeping rituals of the general population against high-achieving folks like Amazon boss Jeff Bezos and U.S. president Barack Obama. The results are compelling.

Apple Ordered To Pay $533 Million For Patent Infringement

NEW YORK (Reuters) – Apple Inc has been ordered to pay $532.9 million after a federal jury in Texas found that its iTunes software infringed three patents owned by patent licensing firm Smartflash LLC.

Though Smartflash had been asking for $852 million in damages, Tuesday night’s verdict was still a blow to Apple.

The jury, which deliberated for eight hours, determined Apple had not only used Smartflash’s patents without permission, but did so willfully.

Apple, which said it would appeal, said the outcome was another reason reform was needed in the patent system to curb litigation by companies that don’t make products themselves.

“We refused to pay off this company for the ideas our employees spent years innovating and unfortunately we have been left with no choice but to take this fight up through the court system,” Apple said in a statement.

Smartflash sued Apple in May 2013, alleging its iTunes software infringed its patents related to accessing and storing downloaded songs, videos and games.

“Smartflash is very happy with the jury’s verdict, which recognizes Apple’s longstanding willful infringement,” Brad Caldwell, a lawyer for Smartflash, said in an email.

The trial was held in Tyler, which over the past decade has become a focus for patent litigation.

Smartflash’s registered office is also in Tyler.

It was also in Tyler federal court that a jury in 2012 ordered Apple to pay $368 million to VirnetX Inc for patent infringement. A federal appeals court later threw out that damages figure, saying it was wrongly calculated.

Apple tried to avoid a trial by having the lawsuit thrown out. But U.S. District Judge Rodney Gilstrap, who presided over the case, ruled earlier this month that Smartflash’s technology was not too basic to deserve the patents.

Apple had asked the jury to find Smartflash’s patents invalid because previously patented inventions covered the same technology.

Smartflash’s suit said that around 2000, the co-inventor of its patents, Patrick Racz, had met with executives of what is now European SIM card maker Gemalto SA, including Augustin Farrugia, who is now a senior director at Apple.

Smartflash has also filed patent infringement lawsuits against Samsung Electronics Co Ltd, HTC Corp and Google Inc.

The case is Smartflash LLC, et al v. Apple, Inc, et al, in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, No. 13-cv-447.

(Reporting by Andrew Chung in New York and Supriya Kurane in Bengaluru; Editing by Stephen Coates and Ted Kerr)

This Budget Bathroom Makeover Proves Little Changes Go A Long Way

Bathroom makeovers can be daunting. There’s the plumbing you probably want to leave to a pro, that overhead lighting you’ll likely have to rewire, and the tile — back away from the tile.

Granted, that may not leave much in the way of transformation, but sometimes a mini makeover is all you need to create your new favorite room in your house. Here’s proof:

Check out more step-by-step details on Kelley’s budget bathroom makeover on her blog A Domestic Life.

Have something to say? Check out HuffPost Home on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest and Instagram.

**

Are you an architect, designer or blogger and would like to get your work seen on HuffPost Home? Reach out to us at homesubmissions@huffingtonpost.com with the subject line “Project submission.” (All PR pitches sent to this address will be ignored.)

Jamaica Decriminalizes Marijuana In Small Amounts

KINGSTON, Jamaica (AP) — Marijuana has been pervasive but illegal in Jamaica for decades, consumed as a medicinal herb, puffed as a sacrament by Rastafarians and sung about in the island’s famed reggae music.

After many years of dialogue about the culturally entrenched drug, and emboldened by changes to drug laws in U.S. states, Jamaica’s Parliament on Tuesday night gave final approval to an act decriminalizing small amounts of pot and establishing a licensing agency to regulate a lawful medical marijuana industry. The historic amendments pave the way for a “cannabis licensing authority” to be established to deal with regulating the cultivation and distribution of marijuana for medical and scientific purposes. Both houses of Jamaica’s legislature have approved the legislation.

And in a victory for religious freedom, adherents of the homegrown Rastafari spiritual movement can now freely use marijuana for sacramental purposes for the first time on the tropical island.

The law makes possession of up to 2 ounces of marijuana a petty offense that could result in a ticket but not in a criminal record. Cultivation of five or fewer plants on any premises would be permitted.

Tourists who are prescribed medical marijuana abroad will soon be able to apply for permits authorizing them to legally buy small amounts of Jamaican weed, or “ganja” as it is known locally.

Peter Bunting, the island’s national security minister, said the legislation does not mean Jamaica plans to soften its stance on transnational drug trafficking or cultivation of illegal plots. Jamaica has long been considered the Caribbean’s largest supplier of pot to the U.S. and regional islands.

“The passage of this legislation does not create a free-for-all in the growing, transporting, dealing or exporting of ganja. The security forces will continue to rigorously enforce Jamaican law consistent with our international treaty obligations,” Bunting said in Parliament.

William Brownfield, the U.S. assistant secretary for counter-narcotics affairs, told The Associated Press days before the vote that “Jamaican law is of course Jamaica’s own business, and Jamaica’s sovereign decision.” But he noted that the trafficking of marijuana into the U.S. remains against the law.  

“We expect that Jamaica and all states party to the U.N. Drug Conventions will uphold their obligations, including a firm commitment to combating and dismantling criminal organizations involved in drug trafficking,” he told AP in an email.

Debate has long raged in Jamaica over relaxing laws prohibiting ganja but previous calls to decriminalize small amounts of marijuana fizzled out because officials feared they would bring sanctions from Washington.

Jamaican officials now have high hopes that the island can become a player in the nascent medical marijuana industry, health tourism and the development of innovative pot-derived items. Local scientists already have a history of creating marijuana-derived products, such as “Canasol,” which helps relieve pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients.

Commerce Minister Anthony Hylton said the cannabis industry holds “great potential” for Jamaica, where marijuana has long been grown illegally on mountainsides and marshes.

The move by Jamaican lawmakers adds to an international trend of easing restrictions on marijuana for medical or personal use. More than 20 U.S. states allow some form of medical marijuana and last year Colorado and Washington legalized personal use. On Tuesday, Alaska became the third U.S. state to legalize the recreational use of marijuana for adults.

In the Americas, Uruguay last year became the first nation to create a legal marijuana market. In Argentina, personal possession of marijuana was decriminalized under a 2009 Supreme Court ruling that jail time for small amounts of drugs violates the country’s constitution. A law in Chile permits use of medical marijuana.

Details of Jamaica’s licensing authority and its hoped-for medical marijuana sector will need to be refined in coming months. But for now, Jamaican cannabis crusaders applauded the amendments.

“This is a big step in the right direction, but there’s still a lot of work to do,” said Delano Seiveright, director of the Cannabis Commercial and Medicinal Taskforce.

___

David McFadden on Twitter: : http://twitter.com/dmcfadd

Does Dirt Have Calories? How I Overcame Anorexia

The content of this post may be triggering to some readers.

I awoke that morning as I did most mornings while living in Paris — woozy, exhausted and determined. During what should have been a pinnacle in the modeling career I’d held dear, I was enraptured and controlled by an eating disorder.

My emaciated body had been surviving on carrots and Coke Light, yet felt gigantic and punishable. If I could eat as little as possible and burn more than I chewed, I might finally reach thinness — i.e., happiness, success, perfection; I had to run.

I stepped out of my tiny flat and headed toward the Seine. The Eiffel Tower came into full view atop the pastel sunrise — a living, breathing Monet.

The dewy earth squished beneath my feet as I ran to the rhythm of calorie-counting‚ estimating the previous day’s “damage.” So accustomed to the accompanying dizziness, anything else would’ve felt foreign. But this time was different.

Pushing the added off-ness aside, I observed a dip in the ground ahead. It looks like an adult-sized cradle. Perhaps I sensed what was coming.

Increasingly dizzy, I couldn’t outrun the inevitable. I fell to the ground, as though in slow motion. And for a brief, savory moment, I felt weightless.

I awoke later, lying in the grassy cradle, the taste of blood and dirt in my mouth. Rather than contemplate how long I’d been there or if I’d been hurt, one thought filled me with terror: Does dirt have calories?

I don’t recall how I made it to the medical center, only the words of the British doctor: “You have anorexia. You could’ve died… could die.”

My thoughts went wild: I can’t have anorexia. Please don’t make me eat. I felt neither thin nor “skilled” enough to have a disorder marked by starvation.

I began treatment and fought harder to remain ill. After accepting my diagnosis, anorexia seemed like the one special thing about me. “Recovery” seemed synonymous with “fatness,” “failure” and “mediocrity.” When my therapist threatened hospitalization, I lied, promising to gain necessary weight.

Then one of my nightmares came true: I gave in to my longing for a bite of chocolate ice cream. As I placed the sweet dollop in my mouth, my entire body trembled. Head-to-toe orgasm. Intoxication. Relief. But one bite turned into two, then six, until all that remained of the half-gallon sat like a rock in my shrunken stomach.

A bingeing/starving roller coaster ensued, worsening until I had little awareness of all I’d consumed until I found myself sobbing amid wrappers and crumbs.

“I will do anything to stop this,” I told my therapist.

“Good,” she said. “After bingeing, don’t skip your next meal.”

Anything but that, I thought, holding staunchly to the belief that if I were strong enough, I could attain the thinness I desired while stopping bingeing. Utopia. Meanwhile, I mourned the loss of my anorexia like a lost soulmate.

One night after a gargantuan binge, I considered gulping the poison I’d used occasionally to vomit, aware of the life-threatening risks. When I couldn’t find it, my heart raced. I struggled to breathe.

Then something remarkable happened. Incapable of purging in any of my viable methods, I calmed down. That calmness paired with tired frustration brought clarity: Try something new.

I walked with trepidation to my wall mirror, and looked not at my belly or thighs, but my eyes. The head-on stare punctured the swollen balloon of hurt inside me, releasing sobs.

“You can’t live like this anymore!” I cried. “This is not who you are.”

These proclamations were the first signs of self-love I’d displayed in years, a light in the dark cave I lived in. If I kept it on, I knew my life would change. So rather than plot restriction strategies, I plotted a future free of ED.

I threw my “skinny clothes” and scale away, and removed the size-tags from clothes that fit. I vowed that for one year, I would not make any attempts at weight loss. If I gained weight during that year, so be it. The next morning with trembling hands I ate breakfast, forcing thoughts of I love you, You’re going to be okay.

The bingeing continued at first, until I doubled my lowest weight. Still, I carried on, sans restriction. I had nothing to lose by trying and everything to lose by not.

Months later, my eating had normalized and my life was beginning to feel like a life. I was in college, making friends and even, on occasion, laughing. But I still felt awkward eating around others. Hunger and fullness put me on-edge. And though I resisted, I longed to diet. ED hadn’t left. He’d merely grown quieter.

Over tea one afternoon, my mom gave me a CD featuring Lee Ann Womack’s, “I Hope You Dance.”

“It’s time to find joy,” she said. (And here I’d thought I had everyone fooled.)

The song’s message about “dancing” hit me full-force. I’d been eating because I was supposed to and never wanted to go off the bingeing/starving deep-end again. To recover fully, I had to manifest joy around eating.

With a velocity I’d only previously applied to treadmills, I began studying food from a new perspective: health and happiness. I obtained a certification in nutrition, volunteered at soup kitchens and challenged myself to eat mindfully, dine in public and savor the ice cream that triggered my first binge, one serving at a time. On difficult days, I asked myself what I’d feed a dear friend then treated myself to just that, until gradually, finally, I became her.

One cool spring evening, I sat at my kitchen table eating spicy chili and fresh-baked cornbread. An unexpected breeze swept through my window, carrying a flower from outside into my bowl. Plunk! As the pink petals swam amongst the diced tomatoes and cannellini beans, I laughed. Struck my amusement, I realized that nothing but goodness sat at my table.

A variation of this post first appeared on August McLaughlin’s Blog.

Need help? Call the National Eating Disorder Association hotline at 1-800-931-2237.

@media only screen and (min-width : 500px) {.ethanmobile { display: none; }}

Like Us On Facebook |
Follow Us On Twitter |
Contact HuffPost Women

Aisle View: The Other Place and a Modern/Classic Bloodbath

2015-02-25-DSC_5417_WEB1.jpg
Ben Rosenfield and Sophia Anne Caruso in Jennifer Haley’s The Nether.
Photo: Jenny Anderson

The nether realm, as constructed in Jennifer Haley’s eighty-minute drama The Nether at MCC, is a demon world of evil and imagination. At least, one hopes it’s imagination, as the realm in question is–well, here I think I need spill the beans, so if you don’t want the beans spilled don’t read on although the playwright does tell us one minute in that the bad guy is being charged with repetitive acts of solicitation, rape, sodomy and murder.

The play seems to take place in some futuristic time, since the villain has a secret garden–decidedly not like Frances Hodgson Burnett’s–in which he has planted an actual, live, rare poplar sapling. In this futuristic online nether-realm, Papa (Frank Wood) has an 1880 Gothic revival mansion where assorted men go to seduce and ravage a twelve-year-old girl, and then–as part of the prearranged program–cleave her sweet little head with an axe. And then return the next day, to do it again.

This is all imaginary, of course, except we do get to see the 12-year-old (Sophia Anne Caruso), who wears a Victorian dress and Victorian underwear and is extremely solicitous of her clients. And we do get to see a real axe, but no real blood. One supposes there might be all sorts of complaints if The Nether were written by some ghoulish middle-aged man, but since the playwright is a 30-somethingish woman it’s okay.
2015-02-25-DSC_5143_WEB.jpg
Frank Wood and Merritt Wever in Jennifer Haley’s The Nether.
Photo: Jenny Anderson

The 13-year-old Ms. Caruso–best known as Brigitta in The Sound of Music Live!–is certainly real, but her character (“Iris”) seems to be a figment of reality roleplay. At other times, though, it appears that the investigative detective who is chasing Papa–Detective Morris, they call her (Merritt Wever, an Emmy winner from “Nurse Jackie”)–was actually formerly Iris. And if you really want to be confused–spoiler alert!–the 65-year-old teacher Doyle (Peter Friedman), in the final scene, seems to be the real Iris. One can only wonder what Friedman–an invaluable actor with forty years-worth of credits, including leading roles in the original productions of The Heidi Chronicles and Ragtime–must be thinking as he says lines about how he hears the sound of tiny dwarves who live in snowy mountains singing falsetto, and tells Mr. Wood that he doesn’t want to grow up ’cause he loves him.

Ms. Haley surely has a point to make here, in The Nether, and perhaps a pertinent one; whatever it is, it sure didn’t come through to this viewer. Given the success of the play in London–where it played at the Royal Court, and has now transferred to the Duke of York’s Theatre–and the photos visible on the author’s website, there might well be more to The Nether than is apparent in the Anne Kauffman-directed MCC production at the Lortel.
.
The Nether, by Jennifer Haley, opened February 24, 2015 and continues through March 15 at the Lucille Lortel
********
2015-02-25-3393b.jpg
Stacey Sargeant, Rebecca Naomi Jones and Libby Winters in Charles Mee’s Big Love. Photo: T. Charles Erickson
Up at the Pershing Square Signature Center on 42nd Street, we have Signature’s revival of Charles Mee’s Big Love. Which is big, all right, spread out over the stage and side aprons of the Frank Gehry-designed Irene Diamond Stage. The expansive walls are whitewashed, with high-density photos; the back wall gives us an invitingly vast view of the Mediterranean; and the ceiling is hung with colorful spring-flowers like grapes on the arbor.

Big Love is also strange. Mr. Mee does not write easy plays, as adventurous theatergoers have already learned. This one is a modern-day retelling of The Danaids by Aeschylus. Fifty maidens flee across the sea to escape an arranged marriage to fifty cousins; they are sheltered by an Italian, who ultimately decides that he cannot protect them. It all results in a bloodbath, and I do mean a bloodbath.

Mee does not give us fifty brides for fifty brothers; only three of each, which works just as well. Mee and director Tina Landau do, however, give us a wild extravaganza with all stops pulled out. Early on, the girls whip out wireless microphones and serenade us with Lesley Gore’s “You Don’t Own Me,” only the first of many pop songs which incongruously but winningly puncture the narrative. The boys enter from the skies, catapulting in on ropes. There are trampolines, a bathtub which is twice used in such a manner that your eyes will likely be glued to it, and so many pratfalls in quick succession that you have to wonder what the understudy situation is over there. Is there a chiropractor in the house?

Mee’s intellectual conceit is intriguing, to a point. Eventually, Greek drama turns to Hellzapoppin’, and it’s every man or woman for him or herself; there is even a Lorena Bobbitt moment, so help us, with the excised appendage dropped into a smoothie blender. As drama, I’m afraid Big Love runs far afield. I will say, though, that some of the images will likely remain memorable.
.
Big Love, by Charles Mee, opened February 23, 2015 and continues through March 15 at the Signature Center

The Perfect Score

At this point in my high school career, I no longer have to worry about standardized testing. I have several junior friends, however, that are where I once was: stressed out, asking for advice on how to get the perfect score, willing to pay for the countless practice books I own.

2015-02-23-test.gif

The ACT — American College Test — and the SAT — Scholastic Assessment Test — are the two tests juniors across the nation will be taking in the coming months (although I’ve come to learn everyone takes these tests yearly now). If you’re not breaking out the number two pencils and heading to learning seminars, adding more study time onto that already busy schedule and familiarizing yourself with the exams, you should be. It is, after all, the single most important test you will ever take in your life.

Right?

Aren’t these standardized tests more important than any other English essay you’ve ever written, than any other difficult mathematics test you’ve seen? Don’t all adults look back on their years and see this test as the single turning point in their whole life?

My guess is most adults will say filling in the right bubbles had no significant impact on where they stand now. That’s not to say all juniors should push the ACT and SAT to the side and head to the movie theater instead. There is no doubt that these assessments play a key role in being accepted to college; nearly every university website asks for scores in their admission guidelines.

But how important are these scores? I have a senior friend who scored a 34 on the ACT early in her junior year; come fall, she applied to Stanford, sending in a résumé that had impressive accomplishments beyond that high score. Two months later, she received a rejection letter in the mail. Another colleague of mine, who also applied to the great halls of Stanford, procured a score of 720 on the SAT mathematics subject test and received that very same rejection letter in the mail. An MIT application with an 800 in the math II subject test, a 33 on the ACT, and all the required leadership and extracurricular activities was deferred.

Why is that? Why is it that when someone makes a perfect score on these tests, the ones we hold in such high regard, they are still deferred? I heard through the grapevine at my high school that a senior was accepted into Yale based off of superior gymnastics skills — not her academics, not her GPA and not even her standardized test scores. She was simply exceptionally good at something. With thousands of students taking exams every year, and hundreds meanwhile scoring well, is making high marks exceptional anymore? Are the applications pouring into the doors at Harvard and Stanford and Yale all riddled with 36s and 2800s?

It’s hard to see why they wouldn’t be (and they aren’t). The ACT and SAT are designed for all juniors across the nation to take — meaning they aren’t of the highest caliber. Sure, there are difficult questions dotted throughout the test, but it is, after all, standardized. Students with brains will have no trouble obtaining a score in the 30s. Take, for example, that MIT applicant. 60 minutes are allotted for the math section of the ACT, and she finished the entire test with 30 minutes to spare. When I took practice tests of my own, the writing portion felt like a joke only I was in on. While there are kids who find the test exceedingly difficult and get scores in the low 20s, even in the teens, a large portion of the population — those being the ones that apply to the top schools — will get these scores. Making scoring high unexceptional.

Why then do juniors continue to pour sweat and blood into these tests?

Easy: scholarships. Both of my sisters received scholarships based off of their high school GPAs and test scores; in fact, many universities boast financial aid directly related to a set GPA and score. Not everyone is planning on heading to the Ivy Leagues, and that’s why the pores start working and the veins start pumping when those three little letters are strung together. But even if it isn’t Ivy League, I still question why such high emphasis is placed on these two tests. Why such weight is positioned on English, mathematics, reading, and science when there are careers with such vaster fields. Why a scholarship is awarded for knowing the rules of grammar and logarithms rather than a greater accomplishment.

I haven’t figured out the answer to these questions, and I probably never will. Instead, I took these standardized tests just like all the other juniors and I studied hard. I managed to get one of those coveted high scores. But anyone who takes these tests must always remember: it is only a test. It is not the sole deciding factor in your future. It cannot predict your creativity or your character, your full talent or all of your smarts. Getting a perfect score will not make you perfect, and it certainly won’t guarantee a perfect future.

Naya Rivera Pregnant With Her First Child

Gleeful news for Naya Rivera fans!

The 28-year-old announced on Tuesday that she and actor husband Ryan Dorsey are expecting their first child together. Rivera broke the news with a cutesy post on her Instagram account:

NayaRivera.com

A photo posted by Naya Rivera Dorsey (@nayarivera) on Feb 24, 2015 at 5:59pm PST

The “Glee” star also took to her website to write, “We’re having a baby! Ryan and I feel so blessed and can’t wait to welcome the newest member of our family. ”

The baby news comes less than a year after Rivera and Dorsey wed in a secret ceremony in July 2014.

Congratulations to the parents-to-be!

Port Driver Efforts Show the Long, Hard Fight for Justice

Over the last 18 months, port truck drivers at the twin ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach have dramatically escalated their decades-long struggle against trucking companies. These employers have misclassified them as independent contractors, which is just a wonky way of saying they engage in wage theft. But after going on strike on five separate occasions, something remarkable is happening to these drivers backed by the Teamsters – they’re winning.

In the last month alone, drivers for Pacer Carthage and Shippers Transport Express (STE) have had their concerns validated and are now being recognized as company employees under the law. Seven Pacer drivers won a $2 million claim against the company in San Diego County court, while STE agreed to classify drivers as employees. After voting to join Local 848, the union reached an agreement with STE management and drivers ratified their first union contract.

These are two important positive steps – but the war is far from over. During recent labor unrest involving the longshoremen, for example, the Pacific Maritime Association shut the twin ports down temporarily. But misclassified drivers still had to keep paying their employers’ business expenses like truck leases, maintenance and insurance. That dug these workers deeper into an economic hole.

The port truck industry is highly fragmented, poorly organized and grossly inefficient. Deregulation has forced trucking companies to engage in cutthroat competition. Consequently, many are gearing up to fight the efforts of drivers and the Teamsters to organize and receive a fair wage. Luckily, more and more decision makers are beginning to side with workers.

Port truck drivers in California have benefitted from state and local government officials who are increasingly siding with workers instead of corporate interests. The Teamsters have allies in both Gov. Jerry Brown and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, for instance. But there are signs that others elsewhere are also seeing the light.

Earlier this year, the New Jersey Supreme Court issued an important ruling that limited the ability of companies to misclassify workers in the state. The ruling affects not only port truck drivers, but any workers whose employers deemed them independent contractors. And a bipartisan collection of lawmakers in Georgia are currently working to strengthen the misclassification rules on the books there as well.

That is important, because the issue of low pay is not just a port truck driver problem – it is an American problem. This nation’s descent into a country sharply divided by income not only hurt those receiving less in their paychecks, it hinders the U.S. economy. It is in everyone’s best interest to having a thriving middle class, but that won’t happen unless workers are treated fairly.

In the port trucking industry alone, a report released by the National Employment Law Project, Change to Win and others last year found that two-thirds of the workers in the sector were being misclassified as contractors. That’s 50,000 workers nationwide. The failure to treat these people as permanent workers resulted in a loss of $1.4 billion in tax revenue a year.

Southern California drivers, fed up with being treated as orphans in the global supply chain, have reached out to educate government officials on their rights as workers. With the backing of the Teamsters, the Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy and other community groups, over the past few months drivers have won unemployment benefits after being laid off from their jobs. Drivers are also winning disability and workman’s compensation cases, back pay for illegal deductions, and even their jobs back when they were illegally fired.

The LA/Long Beach port truck drivers fight is just one example of how the Teamsters and our allies are pushing back against the war on workers. It shouldn’t have to be this difficult. But it shows how hardworking Americans, when united and committed, can bring fairness and justice to the workplace.

Former Miss Turkey Faces Prison For 'Insulting' President Erdogan

ANKARA, Turkey (AP) — The lawyer for a model and former Miss Turkey says she could face up to two years in prison for social media posts that prosecutors have deemed to be critical of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Emre Telci said Wednesday an Istanbul prosecutor is demanding that Merve Buyuksarac be prosecuted on charges of insulting a public official. A court will decide whether to start proceedings. Buyuksarac was detained last month for sharing a satirical poem on her Instagram account. She denies insulting Erdogan.

She becomes the latest figure to face trial for insulting Erdogan, amid fear the country is lurching toward authoritarian rule.

In recent years, Turkey has curbed media freedoms, cracked down on critical social media postings and prosecuted hundreds of people who took part in mass anti-government protests.