Archaeologists discover traces of 2500-year old chocolate

Chocolate is one of the most popular sweets snacks all around the world. Some estimates claim that around the world today, about two billion pounds of chocolate is produced each year. Modern man has a definite love for chocolate, and chocolate was a popular drink and food thousands of years goes well. Archaeologists have announced that they found traces of 2500-year-old chocolate on a plate in the Yucatán Peninsula.

Finding the chocolate on a plate is notable because this is the first time archaeologists have found residue on the plate rather than in a cup, suggesting that chocolate could have been used as a condiment or sauce with solid food. Archaeologists and scientists have thought for a long time that pre-Hispanic cultures typically used cacao beans and pods in beverages made by crushing the beans and mixing them with liquid.

Ancient chocolate drinks were also made by fermenting the pulp that surrounds the beads inside the pod. The chocolate drinks are believed to have been reserved for the elite of the ancient society. Finding chocolate residue on a plate leads the scientists to believe that some traditional Mexican dishes served today, such as mole, could have ancient roots. Mole is a chocolate-based sauce typically served with meats.

The archaeologists discovered traces of chemical substances considered markers for chocolate on plate fragments uncovered at an archaeological site in 2001 called Paso del Macho. The plate fragments discovered date to about 500 BC, yet they are not the oldest traces of chocolate found in Mexico. Some beverage vessels have traces of chocolate date back to as much as 1000 years earlier.

[via Telegraph]


Archaeologists discover traces of 2500-year old chocolate is written by Shane McGlaun & originally posted on SlashGear.
© 2005 – 2012, SlashGear. All right reserved.


iPad dominance grows: Apple could be “default” choice amid tablet gush

Apple’s iPad continues to dominate the tablet market despite the best efforts of the Android competition, new research suggests, with record-setting sales of the iOS slate outshining even Samsung’s buoyant numbers. Although mature markets are showing signs of iPad saturation, developing markets are “clearly more than making up the difference” research firm IDC claims, with its 68.2-percent marketshare in Q2 2012 more than seven times that of Samsung.

In fact, no other individual tablet manufacturer has broken the double-digit marketshare point, IDC’s figures suggest, with Samsung in distant second place with 9.6-percent in the last quarter. “The vast majority of consumers continue to favor the iPad over competitors,” IDC concludes, “and Apple is seeing increasingly strong interest in the device from vertical markets—especially education.”

Nonetheless, Apple isn’t the only firm to see sterling slate shipment surges. Samsung grew 117.6-percent year-on-year, while ASUS followed shortly behind with 115.5-percent growth (though still ended the quarter with a mere 3.4-percent of the tablet market. Acer ditched 2.7-percent of its total marketshare, however.

However, the second half of the year could see things get a whole lot more interesting. Microsoft’s new version of Windows is expected to bring a gush of fresh tablets, while Apple and Amazon are each expected to launch new models as well.

“In addition to major new products from Amazon and quite likely Apple, we can also expect an influx of Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows RT-based tablets starting in late October,” IDC’s Bob O’Donnell said in a statement, warning that “there’s a real risk that people will have too many options from which to choose this holiday season.”

That surfeit of choice may end up working in Apple’s favor, O’Donnell argues, as overwhelmed would-be tableteers give up on trying to figure out which model is best and simply opt for the one most people have. “Consumers baffled by the differences between Amazon and Google versions of Android, or Windows 8 and Windows RT, may well default to market leader Apple” the analyst says, “or they may simply choose to remain on the sideline for another cycle.”


iPad dominance grows: Apple could be “default” choice amid tablet gush is written by Chris Davies & originally posted on SlashGear.
© 2005 – 2012, SlashGear. All right reserved.


Theory of cliodynamics uses science to predict history, sees violence erupt in cycles

Theory of cliodynamics uses science to predict history, sees violence erupt in cycles

Ever get the feeling that you’ve seen it all before? University of Connecticut researcher Peter Turchin has, and he (along with Russian partners Sergey Nefedov and Andrey Korotayev) has even crafted an entire scientific theory around the idea. Cliodynamics, as it’s called, works on the view that broad trends of history occur in predictable patterns based on common factors like government strength, population size and social inequality. The surprise to Turchin is that violence outside of wars, at least in the US, triggers roughly every 50 years like clockwork: people rebel against a social crisis, but their children stay out of the fray and lead to the conditions that ultimately trigger another outbreak, like the 1970s civil rights and peace movements. Don’t set your watch to cliodynamics just yet. Many historians are still skeptical, and even supporters note that one-off events or major wars fall through the cracks. If the theory pans out, however, science could be used to help governments do the right thing before they’re made to do it at gunpoint.

[Image credit: Steve Wilson, Flickr]

Filed under:

Theory of cliodynamics uses science to predict history, sees violence erupt in cycles originally appeared on Engadget on Thu, 02 Aug 2012 20:55:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink   |  sourceNature  | Email this | Comments

IDC: Apple’s iPad Grew Q2 Tablet Share To 68% As It Braces For Windows 8, Amazon And Nexus Competition

new-ipad-black-640x480-jpeg-1

After Amazon launched its $199 Kindle Fire tablet last autumn, a lot of observers thought it could prove to be the competition to Apple’s iPad that other Android tablets had so far failed to deliver. Some numbers out from IDC today, however, show that as Amazon continues to sell the device in the U.S. alone, that has failed to become the case, as Apple continues to increase its worldwide market share against competitors.

Quarterly tablet shipments worldwide (defined by IDC as devices sent through to distribution channels  like operators, retailers or end users) totalled 25 million, with Apple, on the back of the new iPad launch in March, blowing everyone out of the water with record-breaking shipments of 17 million+ iPad tablets, working out to a 68% market share (up by nearly 7 percentage points on last year). Ironically, as competition continues to increase, IDC thinks that might only strengthen Apple’s position, with “baffled” consumers faced with “too many options” opting instead for the market leader.

After a a IDC “sluggish” Q1, IDC said that Amazon rebounded this quarter with estimated shipments of 1.3 million units, enough to give it a number-three ranking after Samsung’s 2.4 million sales worldwide, and putting it ahead of other companies that also sell globally, Asus and Acer — signs that seem to indicate that if Amazon had rolled out the tablet more widely, it might have made significant headway.

(As a point of comparison, Strategy Analytics, which ranks by platform not vendor, gave Apple essentially the same marketshare last week).

Overall tablet shipments continue to grow at a stronger pace than smartphones at the moment. IDC says that globally tablet shipments were up by 66% on the same quarter in 2011 (smartphone shipments grew by about 32%), and the largest players are outpacing that: Apple saw growth of 84%; Samsung saw growth of 118%; and Asus was up by 116%. Amazon only launched its tablet in Q4 2011 so has no comparative number.

Perhaps because it doesn’t have a strong-enough global competitor, Apple continues to be the consumers’ preferred tablet choice, with the company capitalizing on that by making further inroads into particular segments. “The vast majority of consumers continue to favor the iPad over competitors, and Apple is seeing increasingly strong interest in the device from vertical markets—especially education,” noted Tom Mainelli, IDC’s research director for mobile connected devices, in a statement. But he also points out, as Apple’s Tim Cook did, that iPad shipments in mature markets are slowing down, although growth in emerging markets “is clearly more than making up the difference.”

There are a few curve balls that could come into play in the second half of the year, IDC notes.

For starters, there is the Google/ASUS co-branded Nexus 7 tablet. These only began shipping recently and are now facing production delays, although early reviews have been largely very positive, they saw huge pre-order demand and the price is Amazon-right: $199.

Another is the fact that we may well see a bigger tablet from Amazon, a smaller tablet from Apple, and Windows 8 tablets enter the market. “In addition to major new products from Amazon and quite likely Apple, we can also expect an influx of Microsoft Windows 8 and Windows RT-based tablets starting in late October,” writes Bob O’Donnell, IDC vice president for clients and displays.

Ironically, rather than shaking up the market, he thinks this could actually be to Apple’s advantage: “If anything, there’s a real risk that people will have too many options from which to choose this holiday season. Consumers baffled by the differences between Amazon and Google versions of Android, or Windows 8 and Windows RT, may well default to market leader Apple,” he writes. “Or they may simply choose to remain on the sideline for another cycle.”

 


Astronomers snap a pic of a spiral galaxy that hosted two supernova explosions

Astronomers have snapped a photograph of a beautiful spiral galaxy that has hosted two supernova explosions over the last 30 years. The image was taken using the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope located in the Chilean high desert. The image marks the most detailed ever captured of the impressive spiral galaxy.

The official name of the galaxy is NGC 1187, and it’s a distant 60 million light years away from Earth. The galaxy is located in the constellation Eridanus and is notable for having two supernova explosions since 1982. The last supernova explosion occurred in 2007. A supernova occurs when a star reaches the end of its life, and the resulting explosion is one of the most energetic events in the entire universe.

When a supernova explodes, it’s likely to briefly outshine entire galaxies before fading away over several weeks or several months. One very impressive fact about supernova is that scientists say the energy radiated during a supernova explosion is comparable to the amount of energy the sun will emit over the entire course of its life. The first supernova detected within the galaxy NGC 1187 was dubbed SN 1982R and was detected in October of 1982.

The 1982 supernova was discovered using the ESO La Silla Observatory in Chile. The second supernova within the galaxy was called SN 2007Y and was discovered by an amateur astronomer from South Africa in 2007. The image you see above was created from observations taken during the year-long study of the 2007 supernova. ESO officials say that the 2007 supernova can be seen, long after the period of maximum brightness, near the bottom of the image above.

[via CSMonitor]


Astronomers snap a pic of a spiral galaxy that hosted two supernova explosions is written by Shane McGlaun & originally posted on SlashGear.
© 2005 – 2012, SlashGear. All right reserved.


Ancient rain forest discovered in sediment cores from Antarctic seabed

Scientists drilling into the seabed off the coast of Antarctica have made a very interesting discovery that was announced this week. The sediment cores obtained during the drilling reveal that 52 million years ago a rainforest grew in Antarctica. 52 million years is most definitely a long time, but changing from a tropical rain forest to a constantly frozen land is a huge change in temperature.

The scientists are using the discovery as a warning of global warming saying that Antarctica could be ice-free again within decades. The sediment cores the team of researchers recovered revealed fossilized pollens. According to the scientists, those pollens came from a near-tropical forest that covered the entire continent of Antarctica during the Eocene period between 34 and 56 million years ago.

An Australian scientist named Kevin Welsh, who was part of the 2010 expedition, said that his team had discovered temperature-sensitive molecules in the cores showing that Antarctica was as warm at around 68°F 52 million years ago. Welsh and his team believe that higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere millions of years ago were the major reason that Antarctica was much warmer than it was today.

The scientist estimates that carbon dioxide during the time when Antarctica was warm reached between 992 to a couple thousand parts per million on the continent of Antarctica. CO2 levels today are estimated to be at about 395 ppm on the continent. Scientists believe that the ice that covers Antarctica today is between 1.9 and 25 miles thick with formation believed to have occurred about 34 million years ago.

[via Google]


Ancient rain forest discovered in sediment cores from Antarctic seabed is written by Shane McGlaun & originally posted on SlashGear.
© 2005 – 2012, SlashGear. All right reserved.


Canalys Q2: 68% Of All Smartphones Shipped Were Android; China’s The Biggest Market By A Wide Margin

android-china-248

One more analyst house, Canalys, has released its numbers on global smartphone sales in Q2, and unlike Strategy Analytics and IDC, it has focused on sales by platforms rather than OEMs. In that light, Google’s Android was the clear, all-out winner: in a market that saw 158 million smartphone shipments worldwide, Android accounted for 68% of them, with its 108 million units an increase of 110% over the same period a year ago. And given that Apple seems to actually be holding its own quite well in countries like the U.S., the strong performance of Android can be largely attributed to how well it’s playing in emerging countries, and in one in particular: the world’s largest smartphone market at the moment, China.

China had “phenomenal” growth this year, Canalys says, and that’s no understatemet. Some 42 million smartphones were shipped in China in Q2, which works out to growth of 199% over last year (and 32% over Q1). By comparison, smartphone sales worldwide grew by only 47%, says Canalys. In other words, China grew at a rate more than four times that of the rest of the world. China, it says, accounted for 27% of the world’s smartphone shipments, with number-two U.S. at 16%.

Android and forked versions of Android are leading the charge in China, accounting for 81% of all smartphone shipments. The other big trend is that domestic vendors are closing in on Samsung, the world’s biggest Android vendor at the moment. Samsung continued to remain in the lead with 17% of all shipments, but Canalys notes that in fact Samsung’s volumes were flat and ZTE, Lenovo and Huawei in strong 2nd, 3rd and 4th positions and making up about a third of all smartphone shipments. Those three also grew by a massive amount, respectively 171%, 2,665% and 252% over last year. Altogether, domestic vendors, Canalys says, shipping 25.6 million units, grew 518% over last year and made up 60% of the market. International vendors grew only by 67%, shipping 16.7 million units.

Apple, as the company itself admitted last week, had a more challenging Q2 in China. Yes, it was the fifth-largest handset player, with shipments up by 102% over last year, but they were down 37% compared to Q1.

Canalys puts the power of domestic vendors down to their “deep understanding of local consumer behaviour.” Nicole Peng, research director for China, notes that bigger players like ZTE, Lenovo and Huawei are all raising brand awareness and building stronger relationships with operators, but the smaller players are also not to be dismissed. “Tier-two vendors — the likes of Oppo, K-Touch and Gionee — have also stamped their mark, boosting smart phone shipments into tier-three and tier-four cities, predominantly through the open channels,” she writes. “As feature phone vendors, they already have established partnerships and strong brand awareness. These domestic vendors are making significant progress transitioning their portfolios and customer bases to be more focused on smart phones.”

The drive away from international brands is affecting others, too, although these are vendors that have seen declines worldwide as well, so the trend may be larger than China itself. Canalys notes that Nokia’s volumes in China were down by 47% in Q2, and Motorola also saw a decline. The only one that really did well was the Taiwanese HTC, which has been pushing models designed to be integrated tightly with local Chinese services (and price points). HTC’s shipments gew 389% to 1.8 million units.

Globally, Samsung continued to be the main driver of Android’s strength. Canalys estimates that Samsung shipped “over 45 million handsets” — not too far off Strategy Analytics’ estimate of 50.5 million. (Samsung, unhelpfully, doesn’t provide these numbers itself.) Whichever number you choose to believe, it puts Samsung at the top of the pile, and for the same reasons: a strong product portfolio covering different price points, and a savvy marketing strategy, including a key Olympics sponsorship. Canalys says that Samsung worldwide currently has a 31% share of the global smartphone market (SA by comparison put it at 34.6%; IDC at 33.6%).

Apple and Nokia followed as the second and third-largest smartphone makers, with HTC taking fourth and RIM barely scraping in at 8.5 million units in Q2.


Samsung top US phone firm but Apple growing fastest claims research

Samsung is the top mobile device brand of Q2 in the US, according to new research, while Android continues to dominate the smartphone market, though Apple’s iOS is growing faster than Google’s platform. Samsung cellphones comprised 25.6-percent of US device ownership between April and June 2012, comScore‘s research found, with LG in second place with 18.8-percent and Apple in third with 15.4-percent. However, it’s not all good news for the Koreans, whose market share is headed in the wrong direction versus Apple’s.

In fact, Samsung’s mobile position dipped 0.4-percent quarter-on-quarter, while LG’s dropped 0.5-percent. In contrast, Apple’s share rose 1.4-percent – despite the fact that the company only offers three devices and no low-cost smartphones.

Looking at smartphones specifically, Android maintains its lead, growing 0.6-percent to 51.6-percent of the 110m devices in the US. Apple’s iOS, however, rose more – up 1.7-percent – to take 32.4-percent of the smartphone market and extending its lead over third place RIM, which dipped 1.6-percent. Microsoft still struggles in forth place, dropping 0.1-percent to just 3.8-percent share.

comScore bases its figures on more than 30,000 surveyed mobile device owners in the US. The company also found that mobile app downloads and listening to music rose in popularity the most among usage patterns, though text messaging remains the most popular activity.


Samsung top US phone firm but Apple growing fastest claims research is written by Chris Davies & originally posted on SlashGear.
© 2005 – 2012, SlashGear. All right reserved.


X-RHex Lite robot grows a tail, always lands on its feet (video)

XRHex Lite robot grows a tail, always lands on its feet video

By far the greatest challenge for robots with legs is staying upright when the going gets rough. A team at the University of Pennsylvania’s Kod*lab has a hunch that we don’t need extra smarts to make that happen — just an extra appendage. The upgraded X-RHex Lite (XRL) carries a tail that will swing in the right direction to keep the robot upright if it’s caught out by a fall, much like a cat. That’s impressive for a nearly 18-pound robot (the previous Tailbot was 0.4 pounds), but we’re pretty sure no feline has six springy legs; the XRL can crash to the ground and still get back up like it ain’t no thing, which gives it a fudge factor others don’t have. We don’t know if the hexapod critter will lead to more than further experiments. If there are fewer stuck rovers on future exploration missions, though, we’ll know who to thank.

Continue reading X-RHex Lite robot grows a tail, always lands on its feet (video)

Filed under: ,

X-RHex Lite robot grows a tail, always lands on its feet (video) originally appeared on Engadget on Mon, 30 Jul 2012 22:41:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

Permalink IEEE Spectrum  |  sourceUniversity of Pennsylvania  | Email this | Comments

Android U.S market share declines, according to research

Global technology research firm Strategy Analytics has published a report today revealing that Android’s U.S. market share has lost its ground to iOS, falling from 60 percent in the second quarter of 2011 to 56 percent in Q2 this year. Albeit Android continues to be the number one platform in the U.S. in terms of volume, its market share has reportedly declined. Apple’s U.S market share, on the other hand, has grown up to ten points from 23 percent in the second quarter of 2011 to 33 percent in the second quarter of this year.

Additionally, Strategy Analytics also added that total smartphone shipments went down by 5 percent per annum, giving way to over 23.8 million units (from 25.2 million) in the U.S. during the second quarter of 2012. The firm notes that this is one of the slowest growth rates in the U.S. smartphone market. With rumors of an iPhone 5 expected to arrive later this year, it will be interesting to see how Android will manage to keep its disposition in the U.S. market. Meanwhile, the research also shows RIM and its BlackBerry OS dropping from 11 percent to 7 percent over the past year. Strategy Analytics says that this is RIM’s lowest level in history.

By Ubergizmo. Related articles: Piracy rates are higher on iOS than on Android, developer says, Android now covers 51 percent of all smartphones in the U.S.,